kokolekaʻAʻole ia he mea ʻono i nā manawa a pau: i loko o nā millennia i hala iho nei, he wai ʻawaʻawa, he inu ʻālana, a he hōʻailona o ka hanohano.Ua hoʻāla ʻia ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa hoʻomana, ua ʻai ʻia e nā koa, a ua mahi ʻia e nā kauā a me nā keiki.

No laila pehea mākou i hele ai mai ʻaneʻi a hiki i kēia lā?E nānā pōkole kākou i ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻai kokoleka a puni ka honua.

Koleka wela waiu nani.

NA MOE ALOHA

He Kaldi ka kofe.Aia i ke kokoleka nā akua.Ma ka moʻolelo moʻolelo Mayan, hāʻawi ka Plumed Serpent i ka cacao i nā kānaka ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana o nā akua iā ia ma kahi mauna.I kēia manawa, ma ka moʻolelo moʻolelo ʻo Aztec, ʻo Quetzalcoatl ka mea i hāʻawi iā ia i nā kānaka ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana iā ia ma kahi mauna.

Aia nā ʻano like ʻole o kēia mau moʻolelo.Hoʻopaʻa ka Museu de la Xocolata ma Barcelona i ka moʻolelo o ke aliʻi wahine nāna kāna kāne i kauoha iā ia no ka mālama ʻana i kona ʻāina a me kāna waiwai i ka wā e hele ana.I ka hiki ʻana mai o kona mau ʻenemi, hahau lākou iā ia akā ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hōʻike i kahi i hūnā ʻia ai kāna waiwai.Ua ʻike ʻo Quetzalcoatl i kēia a ua hoʻohuli i kona koko i kumu lāʻau cacao, a ʻo ia ke kumu i ʻawaʻawa ai ka hua, "ikaika e like me ka pono", a ʻulaʻula e like me ke koko.

Hoʻokahi mea maopopo: me ka nānā ʻole i kona kumu, pili ka moʻolelo o ke kokoleka me ke koko, ka make, a me ka hoʻomana.

ʻO Duffy's 72% Honduran ʻeleʻele kokoleka.

HOOMANA, KAlepa, & KAUA MA MESOAMERIKA

Ua kūʻai ʻia ʻo Cacao a pau i ka Mesoamerica kahiko me ka mea kaulana loa, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā pī i ke kālā.

ʻO ka inu - i hana ʻia me ka lepo a me nā pīni koko i kālua ʻia, chilli, vanilla, nā mea ʻala ʻē aʻe, ka maile i kekahi manawa, a me ka liʻiliʻi loa o ka meli, ma mua o ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana - he ʻawaʻawa a hoʻoikaika.Poina i ke kīʻaha koko i ka pō: he inu kēia no nā koa.A ʻo kaʻu manaʻo ʻoiaʻiʻo: ʻo Montezuma II, ka mōʻī Aztec hope loa, ua hoʻoholo e hiki i nā koa ke inu.(Ma lalo naʻe o nā aliʻi ma mua, e inu pū nā Aztec i ka male ʻana.)

ʻO nā Olmec, kekahi o nā lāhui mua loa o ka ʻāina, ʻaʻohe moʻolelo i kākau ʻia akā ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana koko i loko o nā ipu a lākou i waiho ai.Ma hope mai, hōʻike ka Smithsonian Mag ua hoʻohana ka poʻe Mayan i ka mea inu ma ke ʻano he "meaʻai kapu, hōʻailona o ka hanohano, ka mea pili kaiaulu, a me ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu".

Hōʻike ʻo Carol Off i ka pilina Mayan ma waena o ka cacao, nā akua, a me ke koko i lokoKoleka ʻawaʻawa: Ke ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao ʻeleʻele o ka ʻono hoʻowalewale loa o ka honua, wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hōʻike ʻia ʻana o nā akua me nā ʻōpala koko a me ka pipi ʻana i ko lākou koko ponoʻī ma ka ʻohi koko.

Piʻi koko.

Pēlā nō, kālailai ʻo Dr Simon Martin i nā mea waiwai Mayan maChocolate in Mesoamerica: He Moʻolelo Moʻomeheu o Cacao (2006)e kaha i ka pilina ma waena o ka make, ke ola, ka hoʻomana, a me ke kālepa me ke kokoleka.

I ka lanakila ʻana o ke Akua Maize e nā akua o ka lua, kākau ʻo ia, haʻalele ʻo ia i kona kino a mai loko mai o ia mea i ulu ai ka kumulāʻau koko, a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe.Ua hōʻike ʻia ke alakaʻi o nā akua o ka lua, nāna i lawe i ka lāʻau koko, me ka lāʻau a me ka ʻeke kālepa.Ma hope mai, ua hoʻopakele ʻia ka lāʻau koko mai ke akua o ka lua a ua hānau hou ʻia ke akua maile.

ʻO ke ʻano o ko mākou nānā ʻana i ke ola a me ka make, ʻaʻole like ia me ka poʻe Mayan kahiko i ʻike iā lākou, ʻoiaʻiʻo.ʻOiai mākou e pili ana i ka lua me Gehena, manaʻo kekahi poʻe noiʻi ua manaʻo nā moʻomeheu Mesoamerican kahiko he wahi kūʻokoʻa.ʻAʻole hiki ke hōʻole ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka cacao a me ka make.

I nā manawa ʻelua o Mayan a me Aztec, ua hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻālana ma mua o ko lākou hele ʻana i ko lākou make (Carol Off, Chloe Doutre-Roussel).ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, e like me ka Bee Wilson, "i ka hana ʻo Aztec, ʻo ka cacao kahi mea hoʻohālikelike no ka naʻau i haehae ʻia i ka mōhai - ua manaʻo ʻia nā hua i loko o ka pod e like me ke koko e kahe ana mai ke kino kanaka.Ua hoʻoluʻu ʻia nā mea inu kokoleka i kekahi manawa i ka ʻulaʻula me ka annatto e kahakaha ai i ke kiko.

Pēlā nō, kākau ʻo Amanda Fiegl ma ka Smithsonian Magazine, no ka poʻe Mayans a me Aztecs, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka cacao i ka hānau ʻana - he manawa pili ʻole i ke koko, ka make, a me ka momona.

ʻAʻole i ʻike ka moʻolelo mua o ka ʻai koko i ke kokoleka ma ke ʻano he kīʻaha kī a i ʻole he leʻaleʻa hewa.No nā moʻomeheu Mesoamerican e ulu ana, kālepa, a ʻai i kēia inu, he huahana ia me ka manaʻo nui o ka hoʻomana a me ka moʻomeheu.

ʻO ka pīni koko a me kahi pā kokoleka.

NA HANA HOOKO O EUROPA ME NA ANO KOKOLA

I ka hiki ʻana mai o ka cacao i ʻEulopa, ua loli nā mea.He mea waiwai nui ia, a ua hoʻāla ʻia ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa hoʻomana i kekahi manawa, akā ua nalowale ka nui o kona hui ʻana me ke ola a me ka make.

Ua kākau ʻo Stephen T Beckett maKa ʻepekema o ka Chocolateʻoiai, ʻoiai ua hoʻihoʻi mai ʻo Columbus i kekahi mau pīni koko i ʻEulopa "ma ke ʻano he hoihoi", ʻaʻole i ka makahiki 1520 i hoʻolauna ʻo Hernán Cortés i ka inu i Sepania.

A ʻaʻole hiki i ka makahiki 1600 ka laha ʻana i ke koena o ʻEulopa - pinepine ma o ka male ʻana o nā aliʻi wahine Sepania me nā aliʻi ʻē.Wahi a ka Museu de la Xocolata, ua mālama kekahi mōʻī wahine Palani i ke kauā wahine i aʻo ʻia i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ke kokoleka.Ua kaulana ʻo Vienna no ke kokoleka wela a me ka keke kokoleka, ʻoiai ma kekahi mau wahi, ua lawelawe ʻia me nā pahu hau a me ka hau.

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano ʻEulopa i kēia wā i ʻelua mau kuʻuna: ʻo ke ʻano Paniolo a i ʻole ʻItalia kahi mānoanoa a me ka syrupy (kalekaleka mānoanoa me ka churros) a i ʻole ke ʻano Palani kahi i ʻoi aku ka lahilahi (e noʻonoʻo i kāu kokoleka wela maʻamau).

Ua hoʻohui ʻia ka waiū i loko o ke ʻano wai, i ka hopena o ka makahiki 1600 a i ʻole ka makahiki 1700 (nā kumu hoʻopaʻapaʻa inā na Nicholas Sanders a me Hans Sloane paha, akā ʻo wai lā, ʻike ʻia ua ʻae ʻia ʻo King George II o ʻEnelani).

ʻO ka hopena, ua hui pū ke kokoleka i ke kofe a me ke kī i ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana i nā hale inu inu: ʻo ka hale kokoleka mua, ʻo The Cocoa Tree, i wehe ʻia ma ʻEnelani i ka makahiki 1654.

Makaleka kuʻuna me nā churros ma Badalona, ​​Sepania.

HOOPAKUNA HOIHANA & SOSIA

ʻOiai ʻo ka kaulana o ka kokoleka i waena o ka poʻe elite o ʻEulopa, ua hoʻomau ka inu i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa.

Wahi a ka Museu de la Xocolata, ʻaʻole maopopo i nā hale pule Sepania inā he meaʻai ia - a no laila hiki ke ʻai ʻia i ka wā hoʻokē ʻai.(Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Beckett, ua hoʻoholo kekahi pope he maikaʻi ke ʻai ʻana no ka mea ʻawaʻawa loa.)

I ka wā mua, kākau ʻo William Gervase Clarence-SmithKoko a me ka Chocolate, 1765–1914, Paipai ka poʻe Protestant i ka ʻai kokoleka ma ke ʻano he ʻokoʻa i ka waiʻona.Akā i ka pau ʻana o ke au Baroque i ka hopena o 1700s, ua hoʻomaka ka backlash.Ua hui pū ʻia ka inu me "nā kahuna pule palaualelo a me ka hanohano o nā aupuni Katolika a me ka absolutist".

I loko o kēia manawa, ua kū ka haunaele a me ka haunaele ma waena o ʻEulopa, mai ka hoʻokahuli Farani a hiki i ke kaua ʻo Peasants.ʻO ke Kaua Kivila ʻEnelani, ka mea i ʻike i ka poʻe Katolika a me nā mōʻī e hakakā ana i nā Protestant a me nā Parliamentarians, ua pau koke ma mua.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ke kokoleka a me ke kofe, a i ʻole ke kokoleka a me ke kī, i hōʻike ʻia i kēia mau pilikia pilikanaka.

Keke kokoleka nani.

AMERIKA & ASIA

I kēia manawa, ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ua mau ka ʻai kokoleka i mea nui o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā.Ua kākau ʻo Clarence-Smith e pili ana i ka ʻai mau ʻana o ka nui o ka ʻāina i ka kokoleka.ʻAʻole like i ʻEulopa, wehewehe ʻo ia, ua hoʻopau pinepine ʻia, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma waena o nā kaiāulu ʻilihune.

Ua inu ʻia ke kokoleka a hiki i ʻehā manawa i ka lā.Ma Mekiko,mole poblanoʻo ka moa i kuke ʻia i ke kokoleka a me ka chilli.Ma Guatemala, he ʻāpana ia o ka ʻaina kakahiaka.Ua inu ʻo Venezuela i hoʻokahi hapahā o kāna ʻohi koko i kēlā me kēia makahiki.Loaʻa iā Lima kahi hui o nā mea hana kokoleka.Nui nā poʻe ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i hoʻomau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cacao i kālā.

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole e like me ke kālepa kope a me ke kī, ua hakakā ka kokoleka e komo i loko o Asia.ʻOiai kaulana ʻo ia ma Philippines, kākau ʻo Clarence-Smith i nā wahi ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohuli i nā mea inu.Ua makemake ʻia ke kī ma Central a me Asia Hikina, ʻApelika ʻĀkau, a ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Peresia.Ua makemake ʻia ka kofe ma nā ʻāina Muslim, me ka hapa nui o ka Hema a me Asia Hema.

Hoʻomākaukau ka wahinemole poblano.

I loko o ʻEulopa, i ka hiki ʻana mai o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa, ua hoʻomaka ka nalo ʻana o ke kokoleka i kona inoa elite.

Ua loaʻa nā hale hana kokoleka mīkini mai ka makahiki 1777, i ka wā i wehe ʻia ai kekahi ma Barcelona.ʻOiai ke hana ʻia nei ke kokoleka ma kahi ʻano nui, ʻo ka hana koʻikoʻi i lawe ʻia a me nā ʻauhau kiʻekiʻe ma ʻEulopa e mālama mau ana ia i mea waiwai.

Ua hoʻololi kēia mau mea a pau, me ka paʻi koko, nāna i wehe ke ala i ka hana nui.I ka makahiki 1819, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Switzerland e hana i nā hale hana kokoleka nui a laila i ka makahiki 1828, ua hana ʻia ka pauka koko e Coenraad Johannes van Houten ma Netherlands.Ua ʻae kēia iā JS Fry & Sons ma ʻEnelani e hana i ka pahu kokoleka ʻai mua loa i kēia mau lā i ka makahiki 1847 - a lākou i hana ai me ka ʻenehana ʻenekini mahu.

Nā ʻāpana kokoleka ʻeleʻele.

Ma hope koke iho, kākau ʻo Beckett ua hoʻohui ʻo Henry Nestlé lāua ʻo Daniel Peter i ka waiu waiu condensed no ka hana ʻana i ka waiū kokoleka kaulana i kēia lā ma ka honua.

I kēia manawa, ua mau ke kokoleka.Eia naʻe, i ka makahiki 1880, ua hana ʻo Rodolphe Lindt i ka conche, kahi mea hana e hana ai i ka baleka maʻemaʻe a me ka liʻiliʻi.ʻO ka conching ka hana nui o ka hana kokoleka a hiki i kēia lā.

Ua hahai koke nā ʻoihana e like me Mars a me Hershey, a ua hōʻea mai ka honua o ke kokoleka kūʻai.

ʻO ke kokoleka a me nā brownies nut.

IMPERIALISME & HOOKAUWAHA

Akā, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i mea e pono ai ka hana ʻoi aku ka nui, a ua huki pinepine ʻo ʻEulopa i kona mau aupuni e hānai i kāna poʻe makaʻāinana makemake kokoleka.E like me nā waiwai he nui o kēia wā, ʻo ke kauā i loko o ke kaulahao lako.

A i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, lilo ke kokoleka i ʻai ʻia ma Paris a me Lākana a me Madrid, ʻaʻole ʻo ʻAmelika Latin a me Karipiano, akā ʻo ʻApelika.Wahi a Africa Geographic, ua hele mai ka cacao i ka ʻāina ma ke ala o São Tomé a me Príncipe, he lāhui mokupuni mai ke kapakai o ʻApelika Waena.I ka makahiki 1822, i ka wā i noho ai ʻo São Tomé lāua ʻo Príncipe i kolone o ka Emepaea Pukiki, ua hoʻokomo ʻo João Baptista Silva ʻo Brazil i ka mea kanu.I ka makahiki 1850, hoʻonui ka hana - ma muli o ka hana kauā.

Ma ka makahiki 1908, ʻo São Tomé lāua ʻo Príncipe ka mea hana koko nui loa ma ka honua.Eia naʻe, he inoa pōkole kēia.Ua lohe ka lehulehu o Pelekania i nā hōʻike o ka hana kauā ma nā mahi cacao ma São Tomé a ua koi ʻia ʻo Príncipe a me Cadbury e nānā i kahi ʻē aʻe - i kēia hihia, i Ghana.

InNā Aupuni Chocolate: Noho a make no ka Chocolate ma West Africa, kākau ʻo Órla Ryan, “I ka makahiki 1895, ua hōʻea ka nui o nā mea hoʻopuka honua i 77,000 metric tonnes, me ka hapa nui o kēia koko mai ʻAmelika Hema a me ka Caribbean.I ka makahiki 1925, ua hiki aku ka nui o na tonana i waho aku ma mua o 500,000 a ua lilo ke Gold Coast i mea kuai nui i ka koko.I kēia lā, ʻo ke Komohana Komohana ka mea hana nui loa i ka cacao, nona ke kuleana o 70-80% o ke kokoleka honua.

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Clarence-Smith iā mākou "ua ulu nui ʻia ka koko e nā kauā ma nā ʻāina i ka makahiki 1765", me ka "hana hoʻoikaika ʻia… e nalowale ana i ka makahiki 1914".He nui ka poʻe i ʻae ʻole i ka hapa hope o ia ʻōlelo, e kuhikuhi ana i ka hoʻomau ʻana i nā hōʻike o ka hana keiki, ke kālepa kanaka, a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻaiʻē.Eia kekahi, aia ka nui o ka ʻilihune ma waena o nā kaiāulu hoʻohua koko ma West Africa (ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea, e like me Ryan, he mau mea liʻiliʻi).

ʻEke piha i ka pī koko.

KA PUKA MAI O KA KOKOLA MAIKAI & KAKAO

ʻO ke kokoleka kūlana kiʻekiʻe o nā mea kūʻai aku ma luna o ka mākeke honua o kēia lā, akā ke hoʻomaka nei ka puka ʻana mai o ke kokoleka maikaʻi a me ka cacao.Ua makemake kekahi māhele mākeke e uku i nā kumu kūʻai kumu kūʻai no ke kokoleka kiʻekiʻe, ma ke kumumanaʻo, i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano kūpono.Manaʻo kēia mau mea kūʻai e ʻono i nā ʻokoʻa o ke kumu, nā ʻano like ʻole, a me nā ʻano hana.Manaʻo lākou i nā huaʻōlelo e like me "bean to bar".

ʻO ka Fine Cacao and Chocolate Institute, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 2015, ke kiʻi nei i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana mai ka ʻoihana kofe kūikawā i ka hana ʻana i nā kūlana kokoleka a me ka cacao.Mai ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā pepa a me nā palapala hōʻoia a hiki i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i ke ʻano o ka cacao maikaʻi, ke hana nei ka ʻoihana i kahi ʻoihana i hoʻoponopono ʻia e hoʻokumu i ka maikaʻi hoʻomau.

Ua ulu nui ka ʻai kokoleka i nā millennia i hala iho nei - a ʻaʻohe kānalua e hoʻomau i ka loli i ka wā e hiki mai ana.